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The Combahee River Collective Statement
The Combahee River Collective connects Black women’s experience to race, gender, sexuality and class, making self-definition a politics of liberation and coalition.
- Black Feminism
- Intersectional Feminism
- Queer Theory
Hands, Tools and Weapons
Les Mains, les outils, les armesPaola Tabet examines how unequal control of tools organizes gendered labor, technical authority and dependence.
- Sexual Division of Labor
- Feminist Theory
- Technology Critique
Power and the Idea of Nature (1): The Appropriation of Women
Pratique du pouvoir et idée de Nature (1) : L’appropriation des femmesGuillaumin distinguishes buying labor power from appropriating a person, asking why women’s time, bodies and care are treated as endlessly available.
- Feminist Theory
- Domestic Labor
- Body Politics
Orientalism
A seminal work of the late 20th century that dismantles how the West constructed a distorted image of the ‘Orient’ as a tool of domination. Founding the field of postcolonial theory, it serves as an indispensable guide to understanding the complex relationships between gender, race, and power.
- Historical Context
- Cultural Critique
- International Context
The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender
Nancy Chodorow's 1978 feminist study links the gendered organization of caregiving to psychological development, asking how mothering is reproduced across generations - and where that influential model needs questioning.
- Feminist Theory
- Psychoanalysis
- Motherhood
The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action
Audre Lorde connects fear, visibility and women’s support, making the transformation of silence collective work rather than a demand for compulsory disclosure.
- Black Feminism
- Women's Writing
- Social Movements
Men Workers = Women Workers?
Ouvriers = ouvrières ? Propositions pour une articulation théorique de deux variables : sexe et classe socialeKergoat challenges labor sociology’s male default, connecting factory management, household time and union demands rather than treating gender as a secondary variable.
- Sexual Division of Labor
- Class Analysis
- Marxist Feminism
The Laugh of the Medusa
Le Rire de la MéduseThis groundbreaking 1975 essay introduces the concept of 'écriture féminine' (feminine writing), calling for women to reclaim their bodies and desires through writing. Cixous reinterprets the myth of Medusa, transforming her from a monstrous figure into a symbol of feminine power and creativity, challenging patriarchal language systems and advocating for the revolutionary potential of women's writing.
- Postmodern Feminism
- Feminist Literary Criticism
- Women's Writing
Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema
In this seminal essay, Laura Mulvey introduces psychoanalytic theory to film criticism, coining the concept of the 'Male Gaze' to reveal how classical Hollywood cinema constructs images of women around male visual pleasure.
- Feminist Film Criticism
- Patriarchy Critique
- Media Representation Critique
Ainsi soit-elle
Benoîte Groult's 1975 popular feminist polemic traces misogyny through historical erasure, bodily regulation, and linguistic power while retaining limits that invite intersectional and decolonial rereading.
- Linguistic Sexism
- Body Politics
- History
Woman at Point Zero
Nawal El Saadawi’s novel follows Firdaus, an Egyptian woman on death row, as she recounts a life shaped by poverty, sexual violence and economic dependence. This reading examines the narrative frame and avoids treating one character’s experience as representative of all Arab women.
- Arab Feminism
- Decolonial Feminism
- Anti-Sexual Violence
The Traffic in Women: Notes on the 'Political Economy' of Sex
This paper proposes the groundbreaking concept of the 'sex/gender system' to analyze the social origins of women's oppression through a critical synthesis of Marxism, structural anthropology, and psychoanalytic theory.
- Marxist Feminism
- Patriarchy Critique
- Capitalism Critique
Wages Against Housework
This classic Marxist feminist text reveals the truth of housework as central to capitalist relations of production. Federici argues that by naturalizing housework as women's 'labor of love,' capitalism obtains massive amounts of unpaid labor. Demanding wages for housework is not about institutionalizing this labor but about politicizing it, exposing capitalism's exploitation of women's labor.
- Marxist Feminism
- Socialist Feminism
- Economic Empowerment
Jeanne Dielman, 23, quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles
There's no rioting, protesting, or marching for civil rights here. Jeanne Dielman, single mother and sometime sex worker, has a simple life: laundry, dinner, the occasional john. The mundanity of being a housewife is on achingly tedious display for three-plus hours in Chantal Akerman's experimental film. And that's why it's brilliant.
- Avant-garde Cinema
- Domestic Labor
- Body Politics
Foxy Brown
If you don't yet worship at the altar of Pam Grier, then good lord, what are you waiting for? An action legend who has been shattering glass ceilings for decades, the woman has made a film or television show nearly every single year since 1970. And one of her best is Foxy Brown, a crime classic that has a feminist streak piercing through all its revenge-glory chaos.
- Black Feminism
- Economic Empowerment
- Anti-Sexual Violence
The Lesbian Body
Le Corps lesbienAn experimental literary masterpiece by French radical feminist Monique Wittig. In this book, Wittig attempts to create a purely lesbian erotic space that completely excludes men through the violent reconstruction of language. She deconstructs traditional descriptions of the body, reshaping female subjectivity with anatomical precision and poetic frenzy.
- Lesbian Separatism
- Body Politics
- Linguistic Sexism
Man as Culture and Woman as Nature?
Homme-culture et femme-nature ?Mathieu challenges anthropology’s treatment of men as interpreters of society and women as nature, asking how social relations authorize knowledge.
- Feminist Epistemology
- Knowledge Production
- Research Methods
Sambizanga
Sarah Maldoror follows Maria’s search for her husband in colonial Angola, revealing care and communication as infrastructure for anticolonial resistance.
- Colonial History
- Feminist Film Criticism
- Women's Cinema
Manifesto of the 343
The 1971 declaration turns concealed abortion experience into a collective demand, while raising questions about unequal protection and visibility.
- Abortion Rights
- Bodily Autonomy
- Social Movements
The Woman-Identified Woman
Radicalesbians’ 1970 manifesto connects lesbian stigma to the boundaries of women’s liberation and asks who defines desire and political belonging.
- Lesbian Feminism
- Sexual Politics
- Social Movements
Black Woman’s Manifesto
Four essays distributed by the Third World Women’s Alliance debate Black women’s work, family and self-determination.
- Black Feminism
- Social Movements
- Race and Gender
Wanda
Barbara Loden follows a working-class woman who does not successfully rescue herself, challenging the demand that a female protagonist must set an example.
- Women's Cinema
- Class Analysis
- Bodily Autonomy
Redstockings Manifesto
The 1969 manifesto turns personal experience into collective politics, exposing tensions within women’s unity.
- Radical Feminism
- Historical Feminism
- Political Consciousness
Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female
Frances M. Beal connects low-paid work, racism and reproductive control while refusing to postpone women’s liberation until male authority is restored.
- Black Feminism
- Reproductive Justice
- Labor Rights