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Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens
Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?Cathy J. Cohen reads a conflict over racism at an AIDS organization alongside mall actions and the stigmatization of welfare recipients. ACT UP’s prison and needle exchange projects show what it takes for an alliance to act across those divides.
- Queer Theory
- Black Feminism
- Economic Justice
Toward a Queer Ecofeminism
A groundbreaking 1997 Hypatia paper that first systematically explored intersections between ecofeminism and queer theory, arguing inclusive environmental ethics must account for diversity of species, gender, and sexuality.
- Ecofeminism
- Queer Theory
- Queer Feminism
“I’m Here, but I’m There”: Latina Transnational Motherhood
“I’m Here, but I’m There”: The Meanings of Latina Transnational MotherhoodA Los Angeles study follows how immigrant domestic workers support children across borders while caring for their employers’ children.
- Migration
- Motherhood
- Domestic Labor
Dalit Women Talk Differently
Gopal Guru’s 1995 EPW essay links Dalit women’s autonomous organizing to caste-shaped knowledge, gendered exclusion within Dalit politics, and the conditions of feminist solidarity.
- Dalit Feminism
- Caste and Gender
- Intersectional Feminism
African Feminism: Toward a New Politics of Representation
Gwendolyn Mikell’s 1995 essay examines African feminist politics through representation and democratic agency, asking who has authority to define women’s political agendas.
- African Feminism
- Transnational Feminism
- Media Representation Critique
After the Family Wage
After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare StateNancy Fraser compares universal breadwinning, caregiver parity and universal caregiving to rethink the distribution of income, time and care.
- Feminist Economics
- Care Economy
- Reproductive Labor
Gender as Seriality: Thinking about Women as a Social Collective
Young uses seriality to explain how women can be socially connected by institutions and practices without sharing one identity or experience.
- Feminist Political Theory
- Identity Politics
- Gender Identity
My Words to Victor Frankenstein
My Words to Victor Frankenstein Above the Village of Chamounix: Performing Transgender RageSusan Stryker moves from the clothes she wore at a conference to a creature’s address, a journal of childbirth, and a poem set underwater. These shifts ask who can name a body and a family and what rage can do about the conditions that exclude them.
- Trans Feminism
- Body Politics
- Political Consciousness
Conceptualising Brahmanical Patriarchy in Early India: Gender, Caste, Class and State
Uma Chakravarti reads early Indian sources to show how endogamy, women's sexuality, class, and state power shape caste reproduction - and where the evidence resists a single history.
- Brahmanical Patriarchy
- Caste and Gender
- Historical Context
From Servitude to Service Work
From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive LaborGlenn puts household laundry and hospital shift reports side by side to trace who does care work, whose judgment counts, and who can move up.
- Reproductive Labor
- Race and Gender
- Care Economy
The Gender and Environment Debate: Lessons from India
Bina Agarwal grounds gender and environmental politics in rural India's unequal access to land, forests, water, labor, and decision-making - rather than an assumed female affinity with nature.
- Feminist Political Ecology
- Ecofeminism
- Environmental Justice
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color
This groundbreaking 1991 article systematically articulates intersectionality theory, analyzing how race, gender, and other identity dimensions interact to shape the unique experiences of violence faced by women of color. Crenshaw critiques how anti-discrimination law and feminist movements fail to adequately address multiply-marginalized groups, calling for more inclusive frameworks of social justice.
- Intersectional Feminism
- Black Feminism
- Race and Gender
The Egg and the Sperm
The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female RolesEmily Martin examines gendered stories in reproductive science and asks why replacing the passive egg with an aggressive heroine may preserve the metaphor.
- Science Studies
- Gender Stereotypes
- Body Politics
Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies
Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered OrganizationsJoan Acker shows how apparently neutral jobs presuppose workers freed from care, connecting organizational rules, interactions and embodied lives.
- Workplace Inequality
- Sexual Division of Labor
- Feminist Theory
Mammies, Matriarchs, and Other Controlling Images
This chapter from Collins’ seminal book *Black Feminist Thought* analyzes the controlling images of Black womanhood in U.S. culture - such as the mammy, matriarch, welfare queen, and jezebel - and how these stereotypes function to justify intersecting systems of race, gender, and class oppression. Collins argues that these images are ideological tools used to regulate Black women’s labor, sexuality, and social roles.
- Black Feminism
- Intersectional Feminism
- Media Representation Critique
Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy
This groundbreaking 1990 essay provides a feminist critique of Habermas's theory of the public sphere. Fraser introduces the concept of 'subaltern counterpublics' to reveal the exclusionary nature of the bourgeois public sphere, arguing for the necessity of multiple publics and offering a new theoretical framework for understanding democratic participation and social justice.
- Liberal Feminism
- Political Participation
- Cultural Critique
Toward a Feminist Theory of Disability
Wendell begins from disability as socially constructed from bodily reality, asking how ideals of bodily control, productivity, and independence shape feminist body politics.
- Feminist Disability Studies
- Disability Justice
- Ableism
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics
Crenshaw's groundbreaking 1989 paper that introduced the 'intersectionality' framework, revealing how Black women are marginalized in antidiscrimination law and feminist movements.
- Intersectional Feminism
- Black Feminism
- Race and Gender
Hans Morgenthau's Principles of Political Realism: A Feminist Reformulation
Tickner rereads Morgenthau's six principles of political realism through feminist international relations theory, challenging masculinized assumptions about power, interest, rationality, and security.
- Feminist Security Studies
- War and Peace
- Militarism
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory
This influential essay explores gender as a performative act rather than a natural given, drawing on phenomenological theory to argue that gender identity is constituted through repeated stylized acts. Butler challenges essentialist notions of gender and proposes that gender is continuously constructed through performance within regulatory frameworks.
- Gender Identity
- Feminist Theory
- Gender Norms
Bargaining with Patriarchy
Kandiyoti examines women’s strategies within unequal household arrangements, showing why accommodation, resistance and promised security change with context.
- Patriarchy Critique
- Gender Roles
- Class Analysis
Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective
This groundbreaking paper redefines the concept of objectivity, proposing 'situated knowledges' as a third way between traditional scientific objectivity and relativism. Haraway argues that all knowledge comes from specific positional perspectives, advocating for 'feminist objectivity' - a form of knowledge production that acknowledges partiality, location, and embodiment.
- Feminist Epistemology
- Science Studies
- Postmodern Feminism
Amefricanity as a Political-Cultural Category
A categoria político-cultural de amefricanidadeGonzalez develops amefricanity through language, racial whitening and cultural creation, asking who can name the Americas and their Black diasporic histories.
- Black Feminism
- Colonial History
- Cultural Critique
Can the Subaltern Speak?
Spivak asks how intellectual representation, colonial archives and readings of women's bodies determine whose speech becomes a political claim.
- Postcolonial Feminism
- Decolonial Feminism
- Subaltern Studies