Digital FeminismPapers

This paper investigates the interplay between gender bias in AI systems and the potential of digital literacy to empower women in technology. Synthesizing research from 2010-2024, it examines how gender bias manifests in AI and the effectiveness of digital literacy initiatives.

Klein and D’Ignazio bring data feminism into AI research, using tenant screening, feminist data activism, and hidden annotation labor to examine power, consent, and environmental costs.

A groundbreaking 2018 FAccT study revealing severe bias in commercial facial recognition systems against darker-skinned women, with error rates up to 34.7% compared to just 0.8% for lighter-skinned males.

D’Ignazio and Klein turn feminist epistemology into questions for visualization design: how categories, visual form, participation, context, and labor shape whose knowledge becomes legible.

Safiya Umoja Noble connects Black women's representation in search to the extraction, labor, and waste behind digital infrastructure.

This influential essay reimagines feminist theory through the metaphor of the cyborg - a hybrid of machine and organism. Haraway critiques traditional boundaries between human and non-human, nature and culture, and proposes a post-gender, post-essentialist feminist politics rooted in affinity, irony, and technological embodiment.