Why must she be likeable?
Beginning with Unlikeable Female Characters, we revisit women who are angry, desirous, and unwilling to comply. Who sets the terms of likability—and when does rebellion reproduce someone else’s oppression?

In this issue
30 items
Books10

Books · May 2023
Unlikeable Female Characters: The Women Pop Culture Wants You to Hate
Anna BogutskayaAnna Bogutskaya’s cultural criticism opens a feminist inquiry into likability, female antiheroes, audience judgment, and the unequal right to be complicated.
02
Books · Oct 2017
Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny
Kate ManneA groundbreaking philosophical analysis that redefines misogyny not as hatred of women, but as a system designed to police and punish women who challenge patriarchal norms. Manne provides a rigorous framework for understanding how misogyny functions as the enforcement branch of patriarchy.
03
Books · Aug 2014
Bad Feminist
Roxane GayA collection of essays that explores the complexities of contemporary feminism with humor and honesty, acknowledging that feminists can be contradictory and imperfect.
04
Books · Jan 2024
Mean Girl Feminism: On the Performative Power of Whiteness
Mean Girl Feminism: How White Feminists Gaslight, Gatekeep, and GirlbossKim Hong NguyenA sharp deconstruction of contemporary white feminism, revealing how the performance of 'sass' and 'girl squads' serves to consolidate privilege rather than dismantle oppression.
05
Books · Jan 1979
The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination
Sandra Gilbert and Susan GubarSandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar's 1979 classic feminist literary criticism work deeply analyzes how nineteenth-century women writers found their voices within patriarchal literary traditions, establishing a foundation for feminist literary criticism.
06
Books · Jan 1979
The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories
Angela CarterA groundbreaking work of feminist fairy tale reconstruction that subverts classic fairy tales to create new female narratives, exploring the complex relationships between gender power, desire, and female subjectivity.
07
Books · Jan 1966
Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean RhysNearly 200 years after Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was published, it has quite rightly earned the status of a classic feminist novel. If Jane Eyre is a classic, then Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea - the 1966 novel that gives life to the abandoned woman in Brontë's story - is a masterpiece. By re-examining the character of Bertha Rochester and imagining her life before the events of the original novel, Rhys gives agency and dignity to literature's archetypal 'madwoman in the attic'.
08
Books · Jul 2016
Convenience Store Woman
コンビニ人間Sayaka MurataConvenience Store Woman is an Akutagawa Prize-winning novel by Japanese author Sayaka Murata. The protagonist, Keiko Furukura, is a 36-year-old woman who has worked at the same convenience store for 18 years and has no interest in society's expectations for women - marriage, children, a 'real' career. With dark humor, the novel sharply questions society's definition of 'normal' and its oppression of women who don't conform.
09
Books · Jan 2022
In Defense of Witches: The Legacy of the Witch Hunts and Why Women Are Still on Trial
Mona CholletA powerful feminist analysis connecting historical witch hunts to contemporary attacks on women's autonomy. Chollet examines how the persecution of 'witches' - independent women, childless women, and aging women - established patterns of misogyny that continue to shape how society treats women who defy traditional roles.
10
Books · Feb 2020
Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning
Cathy Park HongA poetically written and sharply critical exploration of the unspoken pain, anger, and alienation hidden behind the myth of the 'model minority.' Cathy Park Hong dismantles the racial and social hierarchies of American society through the lens of her own experiences as an Asian American woman.
Films8

Films · Sep 2009
Jennifer's Body
Karyn KusamaHigh school cheerleader Jennifer becomes possessed by a demon after being sacrificed by a male band seeking fame, then begins hunting the town's men. This initially misunderstood horror-comedy gained critical reappraisal during the MeToo era, recognized as a feminist horror film ahead of its time that explores toxic masculinity, complex female friendship, and gender violence under patriarchy.
02
Films · Oct 1950
All About Eve
Joseph L. MankiewiczBehind Broadway's glittering stage, a legendary actress and an ambitious young woman engage in a complex battle over age, power, and women's survival space. This classic black-and-white film explores workplace gender dynamics and generational conflict in patriarchal society through sharp dialogue and profound character development.
03
Films · Aug 2018
The Favourite
Yorgos LanthimosSet in 18th-century British court, the power game between Queen Anne and two women - Sarah Churchill and Abigail Hill. This dark comedy explores complex themes of female power, gender politics, female friendship and competition through gorgeous visual style and sharp satire, challenging traditional gender role expectations.
04
Films · Dec 2020
Promising Young Woman
Emerald FennellA bold and provocative thriller that confronts rape culture through the story of Cassie, a woman seeking justice for her best friend's assault. This Academy Award-winning film challenges audiences to examine complicity, consent, and the systems that protect predators.
05
Films · May 1991
Thelma & Louise
Ridley ScottTwo ordinary women - housewife Thelma and diner waitress Louise - embark on a weekend trip that turns into a fugitive journey after killing in self-defense. During their cross-country road trip, they experience a transformation from fear to liberation, ultimately choosing freedom over surrender.
06
Films · Dec 1966
Daisies
SedmikráskyVěra ChytilováVěra Chytilová’s surrealist Czech New Wave masterpiece follows two teenage girls, both named Marie, who embark on a series of anarchic pranks and destructive games in a world going 'bad.' Through avant-garde experimentation and radical humor, the film critiques patriarchy, consumerism, and political stagnation.
07
Films · May 2014
The Babadook
Jennifer KentA widowed single mother Amelia and her young son confront the mysterious terror creature Babadook in their home. This Australian psychological horror film breaks traditional gender stereotypes in horror cinema, exploring profound themes of loss, grief, maternal stress, and women's inner darkness from a mother's perspective.
08
Films · Jan 2020
Zola
Janicza BravoBased on A'Ziah King's viral Twitter story, follows part-time stripper Zola who is convinced by her new friend to go on a road trip to Tampa to earn money dancing, only to get trapped in a sex work situation. This black comedy explores the complex realities of sex work, racial dynamics, female agency, and narrative truth in the social media age through Zola's perspective.
Videos3

Videos · Sep 2023
2010s Pop Feminism: A Painful Look Back
Lily AlexandreIn this video, Lily Alexandre provides a retrospective analysis of pop feminism, examining its rise, critiques, and eventual decline. The video contrasts the movement's focus on awareness with the need for a more systemic, materialist approach to social change.
02
Videos · Apr 2014
I'm Not Your Inspiration, Thank You Very Much
Stella YoungIn this TEDxSydney talk, Stella Young critiques inspiration porn and the way nondisabled society consumes disabled people as objects of moral uplift.
03
Videos · Nov 2017
Without Laughter, There Is No Feminism
Cynthia HíjarMexican cartoonist Cynthia Híjar argues that feminist humor can expose everyday machismo, create shared recognition, and sustain movements without trivializing pain.
Podcasts2

Podcasts · Sep 2025
Bad Feminist Film Club
Kelly & SarahA weekly podcast that examines films through a feminist lens while acknowledging the complexities and contradictions of loving problematic media. Hosts Kelly and Sarah discuss everything from classic Hollywood films to contemporary blockbusters, exploring themes of representation, power dynamics, and cultural impact with humor and insight.
02
Podcasts · Sep 2025
Feminist Frequency Radio
Kat Spada, Anita SarkeesianFeminist Frequency Radio is a podcast hosted by Kat Spada and Anita Sarkeesian, focusing on critiquing pop culture from a feminist perspective. The show explores gender representation, power structures, and social metaphors in movies, TV shows, and video games weekly, covering everything from Hollywood blockbusters to obscure classics. The hosts frequently invite guests to analyze gender stereotypes, race and class issues in works, and engage in deep conversations combining current events with cultural trends.
Articles3
Articles · May 2019
Playing the Bitch: Why We’re Showing a Season of Fierce Females
Anna BogutskayaAnna Bogutskaya’s BFI programming note becomes a starting point for examining female agency, curatorial framing, and the difference between a good woman and a compelling character.
02Articles · Jun 2023
Mean Girls, Shrews & Sluts: The Women Pop Culture Wants You to Hate
Millen Brown-EwensAn interview with Anna Bogutskaya prompts a closer distinction between identification, approval, and the marketing of female rebellion as an empowering personality.
03Articles · Feb 2020
Fighting the Tyranny of 'Niceness': Why We Need Difficult Women
Helen LewisThis article critiques the expectations of 'perfection' and 'likability' in contemporary feminism, calling for recognition of the complexity and contradictions within feminism, and embracing those 'difficult women' who are nonconformist, hard to categorize, but drive change.
Papers4
Papers · Oct 1975
Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema
Laura MulveyIn this seminal essay, Laura Mulvey introduces psychoanalytic theory to film criticism, coining the concept of the 'Male Gaze' to reveal how classical Hollywood cinema constructs images of women around male visual pleasure.
02Papers · Jan 1990
Mammies, Matriarchs, and Other Controlling Images
Patricia Hill CollinsThis chapter from Collins’ seminal book *Black Feminist Thought* analyzes the controlling images of Black womanhood in U.S. culture - such as the mammy, matriarch, welfare queen, and jezebel - and how these stereotypes function to justify intersecting systems of race, gender, and class oppression. Collins argues that these images are ideological tools used to regulate Black women’s labor, sexuality, and social roles.
03Papers · Jan 1975
The Laugh of the Medusa
Le Rire de la MéduseHélène CixousThis groundbreaking 1975 essay introduces the concept of 'écriture féminine' (feminine writing), calling for women to reclaim their bodies and desires through writing. Cixous reinterprets the myth of Medusa, transforming her from a monstrous figure into a symbol of feminine power and creativity, challenging patriarchal language systems and advocating for the revolutionary potential of women's writing.
04Papers · May 2020
A Very Basic View of Feminism: Feminist Girls and Meanings of (Celebrity) Feminism
A very basic view of feminism: feminist girls and meanings of (celebrity) feminismSue JacksonThis paper explores young women's understanding of feminism, particularly their perspectives on celebrity feminism. The research finds that while celebrity feminism is often criticized as superficial and lacking intersectional perspectives, it plays an important role as a 'gateway' or 'starting point' for attracting and guiding young girls to engage with and deepen their understanding of feminism.